Information-gathering and the strategic use of culture in Herodotus
Herodotus
Toga and Dagger: Espionage in Ancient Rome
Anient Rome is remembered as one of the greatest military powers in history, its fame derived from the fearsome reputation of the empire’s legionnaires. Lost in the telling, however, is the important role that espionage played in Rome’s ascent to empire.
Byzantine Intelligence Service
The basis on which the successful administration of the Roman Empire at its zenith was built was the cursus publicus, or the state post. This organization also made the service of intelligence more effective.