Articles

Surgery in ancient times

Roman medical instruments found at Pompeii
Roman medical instruments found at Pompeii

Surgery in ancient times

Rebeka Stevenson

University of Calgary: The Proceedings of the 16th Annual History of Medicine Days, March 30th and 31st (2007)

Abstract

In our modern world, invasive surgeries and organ transplantations are common: machines circulate and oxygenate blood and artificial organs have been developed. Taking a moment to contemplate these advances, it is easy to be impressed and even amazed at our accomplishments. However, if we take a further moment and consider our ancient ancestors, we may find that our amazement is considerably greater.

Imagine breaking into a human skull with no knowledge of anatomy, the existence of blood vessels and nerves, or the causes of infection; and doing so in the absence of anesthetic and painkillers. Yet, trepanation was a common procedure as early as 10 000 BC with evidence of a near 100% success rate. Further, the logic and efficacy of such a procedure is valid within our current medical knowledge and understanding. The practice of medicine in ancient times was based mainly on observations and beliefs, as a solid scientific understanding was being developed. I find this to be both fascinating and terrifying, especially as it applies to surgery. Thus, my topic focuses on the origins of surgery in ancient times.



The utilization of surgery to alleviate suffering and treat disease and wounds began with trepanation, with evidence of its use in many areas of the ancient world. In Mesopotamia, surgical blades are compared to barber’s blades and laws pertaining to surgery are imposed. The evidence of surgery in ancient Egypt is preserved in
mummies, some of whom have fractures set with splints and sutures. In Greece, physicians performed surgical procedures as part of their duties. The Romans also performed surgeries, with many of their instruments being discovered in Pompeii. Further, ancient times saw the discovery of the importance of vessels in bleeding
and their ligature. Ancient times even saw such “advanced” techniques as cataract surgery, the removal of bladder stones, the development of techniques for the closure of the abdominal wall and amputation. In fact, major developments in amputation did not occur for many centuries.

Click here to read this article from the University of Calgary





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